A01836 - Robert Green Ingersoll, American Politician and Orator Known As "The Great Agnostic"

  Ingersoll, Robert Green - A00075

"In nature there are neither rewards nor punishments; there are consequences." 

"In the presence of eternity, the mountains are as transient as the clouds."

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Robert G. Ingersoll
Ingersoll c. 1865–80
16th Attorney General of Illinois
In office 1867–1869
Preceded by	David B. Campbell (1848)
Succeeded by	Washington Bushnell
Personal details
Born	Robert Green Ingersoll August 11, 1833 Dresden, New York, U.S.
Died	July 21, 1899 (aged 65) Dobbs Ferry, New York, U.S.
Resting place	Arlington National Cemetery
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Eva Parker Ingersoll
Children	Eva Ingersoll Brown Maud Ingersoll Probasco
Relatives	Ebon Clarke Ingersoll (brother) Eva Ingersoll Wakefield (granddaughter)
Occupation	Politician, orator, lecturer
Signature
Writing career
Period	19th century
Genre	Satire, essay, social commentary, political commentary, philosophical literature, biblical criticism
Subject	Freethought, agnosticism, humanism, abolitionism, women's rights

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Robert G. Ingersoll (born Aug. 11, 1833, Dresden, N.Y., U.S.—died July 21, 1899, Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.) was an American politician and orator known as “the great agnostic” who popularized the higher criticism of the Bible, as well as a humanistic philosophy and a scientific rationalism.

Although he had little formal education, Ingersoll was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1854, and he subsequently enjoyed a lucrative law practice in Peoria, Ill., New York City, and Washington, D.C. After service in the American Civil War (1861–65), he became a staunch Republican, serving as Illinois attorney general (1867–69) and as a party spokesman in presidential campaigns. In spite of his outstanding contribution to his political party, his unorthodox religious views deterred Republican administrations from appointing him to the Cabinet or to the diplomatic posts that he desired. Nationally known as a lecturer, Ingersoll was in great demand and received as much as $3,500 for a single evening’s performance, in which with brilliant oratory and wit he sought to expose the orthodox superstitions of the times.

Ingersoll’s principal lectures and speeches, published as Some Mistakes of Moses (1879) and Why I Am Agnostic (1896), are found in The Works of Robert G. Ingersoll, 12 vol. (1902), edited by Clinton P. Farrell.

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Robert Green Ingersoll (/ˈɪŋɡərˌsɔːl, -ˌsɒl, -səl/; August 11, 1833 – July 21, 1899), nicknamed "the Great Agnostic", was an American lawyer, writer, and orator during the Golden Age of Free Thought, who campaigned in defense of agnosticism.

Personal life

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Robert Ingersoll was born in Dresden, New York. His father, John Ingersoll, was an abolitionist-sympathizing Congregationalist preacher, whose radical opinions caused him and his family to relocate frequently. For a time, Rev. John Ingersoll substituted as preacher for American revivalist Charles G. Finney while Finney was on a tour of Europe. Upon Finney's return, Rev. Ingersoll remained for a few months as co-pastor/associate pastor with Finney. The elder Ingersoll's later pastoral experiences influenced young Robert negatively, however, as The Elmira Telegram described in 1890:^[1]

Though for many years the most noted of American infidels, Colonel Ingersoll was born and reared in a devoutly Christian household. His father, John Ingersoll, was a Congregationalist minister and a man of mark in his time, a deep thinker, a logical and eloquent speaker, broad minded and generously tolerant of the views of others. The popular impression which credits Ingersoll's infidelity in the main to his father's severe orthodoxy and the austere and gloomy surroundings in which his boyhood was spent is wholly wrong. On the contrary, the elder Ingersoll's liberal views were a source of constant trouble between him and his parishioners. They caused him to frequently change his charges, and several times made him the defendant in church trials. His ministerial career was, in fact, substantially brought to a close by a church trial which occurred while he was pastor of the Congregational Church at Madison, Ohio, and at which his third wife appeared as the prosecutor. Upon this occasion, he was charged with prevarication and unministerial conduct. The evidence adduced – the trial is one of the abiding traditions of the dull little town of Madison – was of the most trivial and ridiculous character, but the committee which heard it decided that, though he had done "nothing inconsistent with his Christian character," he was "inconsistent with his ministerial character," and forbade him to preach in the future. Elder John went before the higher church authorities and was permitted to continue his clerical labors. However, he soon removed to Wisconsin, going from there to Illinois, where he died. The Madison trial occurred when young Robert was nine years old, and it was the unjust and bigoted treatment his father received which made him the enemy, first of Calvinism, and later of Christianity in its other forms.

During 1853, "Bob" Ingersoll taught a term of school in Metropolis, Illinois, where he let one of his students, the future Judge Angus M. L. McBane, do the "greater part of the teaching, while Latin and history occupied his own attention". At some time prior to his Metropolis position, Ingersoll had also taught school in Mount Vernon, Illinois.^[2]

Ingersoll was married, February 13, 1862, to Eva Amelia Parker (1841–1923). They had two daughters. The elder daughter, Eva Ingersoll-Brown, was a renowned feminist and suffragist.^[3]

Lawyer

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Later that year, the family settled in Marion, Illinois, where Robert and his brother Ebon Clarke Ingersoll were admitted to the bar in 1854. A county historian writing 22 years later noted that local residents considered the Ingersolls as a "very intellectual family; but, being Abolitionists, and the boys being deists, rendered obnoxious to our people in that respect."^[4]

While in Marion, he learned law from Judge Willis Allen and served as deputy clerk for John M. Cunningham, Williamson County's County Clerk and Circuit Clerk. In 1855, after Cunningham was named registrar for the federal land office in southeastern Illinois at Shawneetown, Illinois, Ingersoll followed him to the riverfront city along the Ohio River. After a brief time there, he accepted the deputy clerk position with John E. Hall, the county clerk and circuit clerk of Gallatin County, and also a son-in-law of John Hart Crenshaw.^[5] On November 11, 1856, Ingersoll caught Hall in his arms when the son of a political opponent assassinated his employer in their office.^[6]

When he relocated to Shawneetown, he continued to read law with Judge William G. Bowman who had a large library of both law and the classics. In addition to his job as a clerk, he and his brother began their law practice using the name "E.C. and R.G. Ingersoll".^[7] During this time they also had an office in Raleigh, Illinois, then the county seat of neighboring Saline County. As attorneys following the court circuit he often practiced alongside Cunningham's soon-to-be son-in-law, John A. Logan, the state's attorney and political ally to Hall.

With his earlier mentor Cunningham having moved back to Marion after the land office's closing in 1856, and Logan's relocation to Benton, Illinois, after his marriage that autumn, Ingersoll and his brother moved to Peoria, Illinois, where they finally settled in 1857.

Ingersoll was involved with several major trials as an attorney, notably the Star Route trials, a major political scandal in which his clients were acquitted.^[8] He also defended a New Jersey man charged with blasphemy.^[9] Although he did not win the acquittal, his vigorous defense is considered to have discredited blasphemy laws and few other prosecutions followed.

For a time, Ingersoll represented con artist James Reavis, the "Baron of Arizona", pronouncing his Peralta Land Grant claim valid.^[10]

Civil war

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With the beginning of the American Civil War, he raised the 11th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry of the Union Army and assumed command. The regiment fought in the Battle of Shiloh. Ingersoll was later captured in a skirmish with the Confederates near Lexington, Tennessee on December 18, 1862, then paroled – i.e. released on his oath that he would not fight again against the Confederate States of America until formally exchanged for a captured Confederate soldier or officer of like rank (who was often under parole himself, making the practice a matter of honor and formality, which could be extended to individuals or even entire regiments en masse). This was an old practice which was still commonly observed early in the war, until the Dix–Hill Cartel broke down under political distress. Unable to perform his duties under his officer's commission while paroled, he tendered his resignation as commanding officer on June 30, 1863.

Entry into politics

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After the war, he served as Illinois Attorney General. He was a prominent member of the Republican Party and, though he never held elected office, he was nonetheless an active participant in politics. According to Robert Nisbet, Ingersoll was a "staunch Republican."^[11] His speech nominating James G. Blaine for the 1876 presidential election was unsuccessful, as Rutherford B. Hayes received the Republican nomination, but the speech itself, known as the "Plumed Knight" speech, was considered a model of political oratory. His opinions on slavery, woman's suffrage, and other issues of the time would sometimes become part of the mainstream, but his atheism/agnosticism effectively prevented him from ever pursuing or holding political offices higher than that of state attorney general. Illinois Republicans tried to persuade him to campaign for governor on the condition that Ingersoll conceal his agnosticism during the campaign, which he refused to do.

Oratory and free thought

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The only known image of Ingersoll addressing an audience.

A political cartoon depicting crowds seeking entertainment by flocking to hear Ingersoll advocate for agnosticism in a theater which is open on Sunday, when the American Museum of Natural History is closed so as "Not to Offend Morality".

On October 30, 1880, Ingersoll was introduced as "the Great Agnostic" by Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, before a political speech delivered to a large audience at the Academy of Music in Brooklyn.^[12] In an unpublished 1881 lecture entitled "The Great Infidels", he attacked the doctrine of Hell: "All the meanness, all the revenge, all the selfishness, all the cruelty, all the hatred, all the infamy of which the heart of man is capable, grew, blossomed, and bore fruit in this one word – Hell."^[13] He opposed the Chinese Exclusion Act and supported a more lenient policy toward Chinese workers coming to the United States.^[14]

Membership of The Lambs

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Ingersoll was elected to The Lambs Theatre Club in 1889^[15] and gave an address to their first public "gambol" at the Broadway Theatre on March 3, 1891; his address "brought many laughs".^[16]: 66

Death

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Ingersoll died from congestive heart failure at the age of 65. Soon after his death, his brother-in-law, Clinton P. Farrell, collected copies of Ingersoll's speeches for publication. The 12-volume Dresden Editions kept interest in Ingersoll's ideas alive and preserved his speeches for future generations. Ingersoll's ashes are interred in Arlington National Cemetery.

Legacy

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Susan Jacoby credits Ingersoll for the revival of Thomas Paine's reputation in American intellectual history, which had decreased after the publication of The Age of Reason published during 1794–95. Paine postulated that men, not God, had written the Bible, and Ingersoll included this work in his lectures on freethinking. As the only freethinker of his time with a wide audience outside of the unbelieving circle, he reintroduced Paine's ideas to a new generation.^[17]

In 2005, a popular edition of Ingersoll's work was published by Steerforth Press. Edited by the Pulitzer Prize-winning music critic Tim Page, What's God Got to Do With It: Robert Ingersoll on Free Speech, Honest Talk and the Separation of Church and State brought Ingersoll's thinking to a new audience.

There are 2 streets in the City of Madison, Wisconsin that are named after him. North Ingersoll Street and South Ingersoll Street.

Friendship with Walt Whitman

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Ingersoll enjoyed a friendship with the poet Walt Whitman, who considered Ingersoll the greatest orator of his time. "It should not be surprising that I am drawn to Ingersoll, for he is 'Leaves of Grass' ... He lives, embodies, the individuality, I preach. I see in Bob [Ingersoll] the noblest specimen – American-flavored – pure out of the soil, spreading, giving, demanding light."^[18]

The feeling was mutual. Upon Whitman's death in 1892, Ingersoll delivered the eulogy at the poet's funeral. The eulogy was published to great acclaim and is considered a classic panegyric.^[19]

In popular culture

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Ingersoll statue in Peoria, Illinois.

• The community of Redwater, Texas was founded in the mid-1870s as Ingersoll in honor of Robert Ingersoll; it was changed to its current name following an 1886 revival meeting that yielded 110 conversions, the townspeople no longer wishing to honor the agnostic.^[20]
• The Ingersoll Gender Center in Seattle WA is named after him. ^[21]
• Colonel Bob Mountain in Washington state was named for Robert Ingersoll.^[22]
• His birthplace, known as the Robert Ingersoll Birthplace, or Robert Green Ingersoll Birthplace Museum, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.^[23]
• A mine near Keystone, SD is named after him.^[24]
• Ingersoll's type of agnosticism was labelled Ingersollism by his intellectual contemporaries, including Congregationalist Lyman Abbott,^[25] Congregationalist minister John P. Sanderson,^[26] Illinois scholar and lawyer George Reuben Wendling^[27] and others (such as a collection of refutations of Ingersollism published in 1879 by Chicago publishers Rhodes and McClure).^[28]
• In July 2016 Ingersoll's statue in Peoria, Illinois was restored thanks to a successful fundraising effort by the Freedom From Religion Foundation.^[29]
• In Lewis Grassic Gibbon's modernist novel Sunset Song (1932), the character of Long Rob reads "the books of a coarse creature Ingersoll that made watches and didn't believe in God" and "God knows if the creature's logic was as poor as his watches" and "fair caution him and his Ingersoll that could neither make watches nor sense". The author's running joke intentionally confuses Robert G. Ingersoll with the watch-making company of the same name.^[30]
• In Sinclair Lewis's novel Elmer Gantry, the "freethinker" Jim Lefferts throws a volume of Ingersoll's work at Gantry following an argument over his recent conversion; Gantry, struggling to write a speech for a revival meeting, takes a paragraph from Ingersoll out of context and builds his sermon on it.

Works

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Ingersoll’s collected works in the Robert Green Ingersoll Birthplace Museum.

• The gods and other lectures (New York : D. M. Bennett, 1876)
• Some mistakes of Moses (Washington, D.C. : C. P. Farrell, 1879)
• Proceedings of the Civil Rights Mass-Meeting held at Lincoln Hall, October 22, 1883. Speeches of Hon. Frederick Douglass and Robert G. Ingersoll. (Washington, D. C.: C. P. Farrell, 1883)
• Walt Whitman (New York, The Truth Seeker Co, 1890)
• Col. Ingersoll's reply to his critics in the N.Y. "Evening Telegram." (Toronto : J. Spencer Ellis, 1892)
• Shakespeare, a lecture (New York, Farrell, 1895)
• Abraham Lincoln, a lecture (New York, Farrell, 1895)
• Voltaire, a lecture (New York, Farrell, 1895)
• Great speeches of Col. R. G. Ingersoll; complete (Chicago : Rhodes & McClure, 1895)
• "Why I Am an Agnostic" (1896)
• The works of Robert G. Ingersoll vols. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 (New York : The Dresden pub. co., C. P. Farrell, 1902)

Footnotes

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1. ^ Wilson, Rufus R. (16 March 1890). "A Sketch of the Life of America's Most Noted Agnostic by Rufus Wilson". The Elmira Telegram. Retrieved 2018-09-16.
2. ^ 1887. History of Gallatin, Saline, Hamilton, Franklin, and Williamson Counties, Illinois. Goodspeed Publishing Co. 557, 585. As of 1887, Judge McBane still had in his possession Ingersoll's letter of inquiry regarding the school dated May 16, 1853.
3. ^ Entry for Eva Ingersoll-Brown in A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists
4. ^ Milo Erwin. 1876. History of Williamson County, Illinois. 250.
5. ^ Kittredge, Herman E., A Biographical Appreciation of Robert G. Ingersoll, Ch. 2.
6. ^ Eva Ingersoll Wakefield, ed. 1951. The Letters of Robert G. Ingersoll, New York: Hallmark-Hubner Press, Inc. 18–19.
7. ^ Kittredge, Ch. 2. 1911.
8. ^ "The Star Route Trial". The Evening Star (Washington, D.C.). February 28, 1883. p. 1. Retrieved August 4, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
9. ^ Shapiro, Carl (May 20, 1973). "The Morristown Blasphemy Trial". The Record (Hackensack, New Jersey). pp. Magazine-20, 22. Retrieved August 4, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
10. ^ Myers, John Myers, "The Prince of Swindlers", American Heritage, August 1956 (7:5). Updated link retrieved 05-11-2011.
11. ^ McCarthy, Daniel (2012-11-21) Outsider Conservatism, The American Conservative
12. ^ Kittredge, Ch. 5. 1911.
13. ^ Ingersoll, Robert G. (1915). "The Great Infidels". The Works of Robert G. Ingersoll, in Twelve Volumes, Volume III. The Dresden Publishing Company. p. 319. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
14. ^ In correspondence with Congress Representative Thomas J. Geary, The North American Review, vol. 157 (1893) pp. 52-67.
15. ^ "The Lambs". the-lambs.org. The Lambs, Inc. 6 November 2015. (Member Roster 'I'). Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved December 4, 2021.
16. ^ Hardee, Lewis J. Jr. (2010) [1st pub. 2006]. The Lambs Theatre Club (softcover) (2nd ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7864-6095-3.
17. ^ Jacoby, Susan (11 February 2013). "Freethought's Forgotten Hero". Point of Inquiry. Center for Inquiry. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
18. ^ Intimate with Walt: Selections from Whitman's Conversations with Horace Traubel, Gary Schmidgall (Editor), 2001, University of Iowa Press, Page 81.
19. ^ The Book of Eulogies, Phyllis Theroux (Editor), 1977, Simon & Schuster. Page 30.
20. ^ "Redwater, TX". TSHA Handbook of Texas. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
21. ^ "Ingersoll Gender Center". Retrieved 7 November 2024.
22. ^ Majors, Harry M. (1975). Exploring Washington. Van Winkle Publishing Co. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-918664-00-6.
23. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
24. ^ Palais, Hyman. “Black Hills Miners’ Folklore.” California Folklore Quarterly 4, no. 3 (1945): 255–69. https://doi.org/10.2307/1495819.
25. ^ Abbott, Lyman (1890). "Flaws in Ingersollism". The North American Review. 150 (401): 446–457. JSTOR 25101967.
26. ^ Association, Michigan Congregational (2 December 1892). The Congregational Churches of Michigan: For the First Fifty Years of Their Organization Into a State Association; Addresses Delivered, Papers Read and Reports Made at the Jubilee Meeting Held at Jackson, May 19-22, 1892. order of the Association. p. 70. Retrieved 2 December 2017 – via Internet Archive.
27. ^ Wendling, George Reuben (2 December 1883). Ingersollism: From a Secular Point of View. A Lecture Delivered in Association Hall, New York; Music Hall, Boston; in Philadelphia, Chicago, St. Louis, and in Over Six Hundred of the Principal Lecture Courses of the United States and Canada. Jansen, McClurg. p. 19. Retrieved 2 December 2017 – via Internet Archive.
28. ^ James Baird McClure (2 December 1879). "Mistakes of Ingersoll: As Shown by Rev. W. F. Crafts, Bishop Charles E ..." Rhodes & McClure. Retrieved 2 December 2017 – via Internet Archive.
29. ^ Renken, Leslie (9 September 2016). "Ingersoll statue restored by FFRF". Freedom From Religion Foundation. Peoria Journal Star. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
30. ^ "A Scots Quair". Guttenberg. Retrieved 2 October 2020.

Further reading

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• Nathan G. Alexander, Race in a Godless World: Atheism, Race, and Civilization, 1850–1914. New York/Manchester: New York University Press/Manchester University Press, 2019. ISBN 978-1526142375
• Eric T. Brandt, Timothy Larsen, "The Old Atheism Revisited: Robert G. Ingersoll and the Bible," Journal of The Historical Society, vol. 11, no. 2 (2011), pp. 211–238.
• R. W. Justin Clark, "Ingersoll, Infidels, and Indianapolis: Freethought and Religion in the Central Midwest," IUPUI ScholarWorks, (2017).
• C. H. Cramer, Royal Bob: The Life of Robert G. Ingersoll The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1952.
• Eugene V. Debs, "Recollections of Ingersoll," Pearson's Magazine, vol. 37, no. 4 (April 1917), pp. 302–307.
• Susan Jacoby, The Great Agnostic: Robert Ingersoll and American Freethought. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013.
• Orvin Larson, American Infidel: Robert G. Ingersoll a Biography. Citadel Press, 1962.
• Susan Jacoby, Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism. Metropolitan Books, 2004.

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Positive Atheism's Big List of
Robert Green Ingersoll
Quotations

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Robert Green Ingersoll (1833-1899) American politician and lecturer known for his adamant support of scientific and humanistic rationalism Nothing is greater than to break the chains from the bodies of men -- nothing nobler than to destroy the phantom of the soul. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, quoted from the Address, Ingersoll the Magnificent, delivered by Joseph Lewis on August 11th 1954 dedicating, as a Public Memorial, the house in which Robert G Ingersoll was born, Dresden, Yates County, in the state of New York. If there be an infinite Being, he does not need our help -- we need not waste our energies in his defense. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "God in the Constitution" (1870) We need men with moral courage to speak and write their real thoughts, and to stand by their convictions, even to the very death. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "Thomas Paine" (1870) The man who does not do his own thinking is a slave, and is a traitor to himself and to his fellow-men. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "The Liberty of Man, Woman and Child" They knew no better, but I do not propose to follow the example of a barbarian because he was honestly a barbarian. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "The Limitations of Toleration" The moment you introduce a despotism in the world of thought, you succeed in making hypocrites -- and you get in such a position that you never know what your neighbor thinks. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "The Limitations of Toleration" The doctrine of eternal punishment is in perfect harmony with the savagery of the men who made the orthodox creeds. It is in harmony with torture, with flaying alive, and with burnings. The men who burned their fellow-men for a moment, believed that God would burn his enemies forever. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "Crumbling Creeds" The Church demonstrated the falsity and folly of Darwin's theories by showing that they contradicted the Mosaic account of creation, and now that the theories of Darwin having been fairly established, the Church says that the Mosaic account is true because it is in harmony with Darwin. Now, if it should turn out that Darwin was mistaken, what then? -- Robert Green Ingersoll, in "Col. Ingersoll to Mr. Gladstone" from *The Autograph Edition of the Complete Works of Robert G. Ingersoll* (Dresden: 1902), Volume 11, Page 276 We have heard talk enough. We have listened to all the drowsy, idealess, vapid sermons that we wish to hear. We have read your Bible and the works of your best minds. We have heard your prayers, your solemn groans and your reverential amens. All these amount to less than nothing. We want one fact. We beg at the doors of your churches for just one little fact. We pass our hats along your pews and under your pulpits and implore you for just one fact. We know all about your mouldy wonders and your stale miracles. We want a this year's fact. We ask only one. Give us one fact for charity. Your miracles are too ancient. The witnesses have been dead for nearly two thousand years. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "The Gods" (1872) Who can over estimate the progress of the world if all the money wasted in superstition could be used to enlighten, elevate and civilize mankind? -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "Some Mistakes of Moses" We have already compared the benefits of theology and science. When the theologian governed the world, it was covered with huts and hovels for the many, palaces and cathedrals for the few. To nearly all the children of men, reading and writing were unknown arts. The poor were clad in rags and skins -- they devoured crusts, and gnawed bones. The day of Science dawned, and the luxuries of a century ago are the necessities of to-day. Men in the middle ranks of life have more of the conveniences and elegancies than the princes and kings of the theological times. But above and over all this, is the development of mind. There is more of value in the brain of an average man of to-day -- of a master-mechanic, of a chemist, of a naturalist, of an inventor, than there was in the brain of the world four hundred years ago.      These blessings did not fall from the skies. These benefits did not drop from the outstretched hands of priests. They were not found in cathedrals or behind altars -- neither were they searched for with holy candles. They were not discovered by the closed eyes of prayer, nor did they come in answer to superstitious supplication. They are the children of freedom, the gifts of reason, observation and experience -- and for them all, man is indebted to man. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "God In The Constitution" Orthodox Christians have the habit of claiming all great men, all men who have held important positions, men of reputation, men of wealth. As soon as the funeral is over clergymen begin to relate imaginary conversations with the deceased, and in a very little while the great man is changed to a Christian -- possibly to a saint. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "The Religious Belief of Abraham Lincoln" [Excerpt]: An infinite God ought to be able to protect himself, without going in partnership with State Legislatures. Certainly he ought not so to act that laws become necessary to keep him from being laughed at. No one thinks of protecting Shakespeare from ridicule, by the threat of fine and imprisonment. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, proving himself a prophet, of sorts, while discrediting prophesy itself! quoted from, Some Mistakes of Moses, Section III, "The Politicians," in Works, Dresden Edition, Volume 2 [Passage]: Churches are becoming political organizations....      It probably will not be long until the churches will divide as sharply upon political, as upon theological questions; and when that day comes, if there are not liberals enough to hold the balance of power, this Government will be destroyed. The liberty of man is not safe in the hands of any church. Wherever the Bible and sword are in partnership, man is a slave.      All laws for the purpose of making man worship God, are born of the same spirit that kindled the fires of the auto da fe, and lovingly built the dungeons of the Inquisition. All laws defining and punishing blasphemy -- making it a crime to give your honest ideas about the Bible, or to laugh at the ignorance of the ancient Jews, or to enjoy yourself on the Sabbath, or to give your opinion of Jehovah, were passed by impudent bigots, and should be at once repealed by honest men. An infinite God ought to be able to protect himself, without going in partnership with State Legislatures. Certainly he ought not so to act that laws become necessary to keep him from being laughed at. No one thinks of protecting Shakespeare from ridicule, by the threat of fine and imprisonment. It strikes me that God might write a book that would not necessarily excite the laughter of his children. In fact, I think it would be safe to say that a real God could produce a work that would excite the admiration of mankind. Surely politicians could be better employed than in passing laws to protect the literary reputation of the Jewish God. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, proving himself a prophet, of sorts, while discrediting prophesy itself! quoted from, Some Mistakes of Moses, Section III, "The Politicians," in Works, Dresden Edition, Volume 2 Only a few years ago there was no person too ignorant to successfully answer Charles Darwin; and the more ignorant he was the more cheerfully he undertook the task. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "Orthodoxy" (1884) The ministers, who preached at these revivals, were in earnest. They were zealous and sincere. They were not philosophers. To them science was the name of a vague dread -- a dangerous enemy. They did not know much, but they believed a great deal. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, from "Why I Am an Agnostic" (1896) The old lady who said there must be a devil, else how could they make pictures that looked exactly like him, reasoned like a trained theologian -- like a doctor of divinity. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, from "Superstition" (1898) [Excerpt]: The notion that faith in Christ is to be rewarded by an eternity of bliss, while a dependence upon reason, observation and experience merits everlasting pain, is too absurd for refutation, and can be relieved only by that unhappy mixture of insanity and ignorance, called "faith." -- Robert Green Ingersoll, The Gods [Passage]: The doctrine that future happiness depends upon belief is monstrous. It is the infamy of infamies. The notion that faith in Christ is to be rewarded by an eternity of bliss, while a dependence upon reason, observation and experience merits everlasting pain, is too absurd for refutation, and can be relieved only by that unhappy mixture of insanity and ignorance, called "faith." What man, who ever thinks, can believe that blood can appease God? And yet, our entire system of religion is based upon that belief. The Jews pacified Jehovah with the blood of animals, and according to the Christian system, the blood of Jesus softened the heart of God a little, and rendered possible the salvation of a fortunate few. It is hard to conceive how the human mind can give assent to such terrible ideas, or how any sane man can read the Bible and still believe in the doctrine of inspiration. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, The Gods It is contended by many that ours is a Christian government, founded upon the Bible, and that all who look upon the book as false or foolish are destroying the foundation of our country. The truth is, our government is not founded upon the rights of gods, but upon the rights of men. Our Constitution was framed, not to declare and uphold the deity of Christ, but the sacredness of humanity. Ours is the first government made by the people and for the people. It is the only nation with which the gods have had nothing to do. And yet there are some judges dishonest and cowardly enough to solemnly decide that this is a Christian country, and that our free institutions are based upon the infamous laws of Jehovah. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "Individuality" (1873) Our civilization is not Christian. It does not come from the skies. It is not a result of "inspiration." It is the child of invention, of discovery, of applied knowledge -- that is to say, of science. When man becomes great and grand enough to admit that all have equal rights; when thought is untrammeled; when worship shall consist in doing useful things; when religion means the discharge of obligations to our fellow-men, then, and not until then, will the world be civilized. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "Reply To The Indianapolis Clergy" The Iconoclast, Indianapolis, Indiana (1882) Blasphemy is an epithet bestowed by superstition upon common sense. Whoever investigates a religion as he would any department of science is called a blasphemer. Whoever contradicts a priest; whoever has the impudence to use his own reason; whoever is brave enough to express his honest thought, is a blasphemer. When the missionary speaks slightingly of the wooden god of a savage, the savage regards him as a blasphemer. To laugh at the pretensions of Mohammed in Constantinople is blasphemy. To say in St Peter's that Mohammed was a prophet of God is blasphemy. There was a time when to acknowledge the divinity of Christ in Jerusalem was blasphemy. To deny his divinity is now blasphemy in New York. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "Interviews," Works, v. 5, p. 50, quoted from Joseph Lewis, The Ten Commandment, "Third Commandment," pp. 212-3 Good-by, gentlemen! I am not asking to be Governor of Illinois ... I have in my composition that which I have declared to the world as my views upon religion. My position I would not, under any circumstances, not even for my life, seem to renounce. I would rather refuse to be President of the United States than to do so. My religious belief is my own. It belongs to me, not to the State of Illinois. I would not smother one sentiment of my heart to be the Emperor of the round world. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, to the delegation from the Republican Party upon their asking him to be their candidate for Governor of Illinois -- on condition that he remain silent about his religous views (not to change them, simply to remain silent), quoted by Joseph Lewis in "Ingersoll the Magnificent" We are satisfied that there can be but little liberty on earth while men worship a tyrant in heaven. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "The Gods" (1872) I admit that reason is a small and feeble flame, a flickering torch by stumblers carried in the star-less night, -- blown and flared by passion's storm, -- and yet, it is the only light. Extinguish that, and nought remains. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, sentiments later echoed by Albert Einstein ("One thing I have learned in a long life: that all our science, measured against reality, is primitive and childlike -- and yet it is the most precious thing we have."), from the Field-Ingersoll Debate (Part 2): "A Reply To The Rev Henry M Field, DD" Every sect is a certificate that God has not plainly revealed his will to man. To each reader the Bible conveys a different meaning. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "Some Mistakes of Moses," XII Saturday Give me the storm and stress of thought and action rather than the dead calm of ignorance and faith. Banish me from Eden when you will but first let me eat of the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, quoted from the Address, Ingersoll the Magnificent, delivered by Joseph Lewis on August 11th 1954 dedicating, as a Public Memorial, the house in which Robert G Ingersoll was born, Dresden, Yates County, in the state of New York The mechanic, when a wheel refuses to turn, never thinks of dropping on his knees and asking the assistance of some divine power. He knows there is a reason. He knows that something is too large or too small; that there is something wrong with his machine; and he goes to work and he makes it larger or smaller, here or there, until the wheel will turn. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "The Liberty Of All" (1877) The founder of a religion must be able to turn water into wine -- cure with a word the blind and lame, and raise with a simple touch the dead to life. It was necessary for him to demonstrate to the satisfaction of his barbarian disciple, that he was superior to nature. In times of ignorance this was easy to do. The credulity of the savage was almost boundless. To him the marvelous was the beautiful, the mysterious was the sublime. Consequently, every religion has for its foundation a miracle -- that is to say, a violation of nature -- that is to say, a falsehood.      No one, in the world's whole history, ever attempted to substantiate a truth by a miracle. Truth scorns the assistance of a miracle. Nothing but falsehood ever attested itself by signs and wonders. No miracle ever was performed, and no sane man ever thought he had performed one, and until one is performed, there can be no evidence of the existence of any power superior to, and independent of, nature. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "The Gods" (1872) Only the very ignorant are perfectly satisfied that they know. To the common man the great problems are easy. He has no trouble in accounting for the universe. He can tell you the origin and destiny of man and the why and wherefore of things. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "Liberty In Literature" (1890) But honest men do not pretend to know; they are candid and sincere; they love the truth; they admit their ignorance, and they say, "We do not know." -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "Superstition" (1898) The agnostic does not simply say, "l do not know." He goes another step, and he says, with great emphasis, that you do not know. He insists that you are trading on the ignorance of others, and on the fear of others. He is not satisfied with saying that you do not know, -- he demonstrates that you do not know, and he drives you from the field of fact -- he drives you from the realm of reason -- he drives you from the light, into the darkness of conjecture -- into the world of dreams and shadows, and he compels you to say, at last, that your faith has no foundation in fact. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "Reply To Dr. Lyman Abbott" (This unfinished article was written as a reply to the Rev Lyman Abbott's article entitled, "Flaws in Ingersollism," which was printed in the April 1890 number of the North American Review.) A few years ago the Deists denied the inspiration of the Bible on account of its cruelty. At the same time they worshiped what they were pleased to call the God of Nature. Now we are convinced that Nature is as cruel as the Bible; so that, if the God of Nature did not write the Bible, this God at least has caused earthquakes and pestilence and famine, and this God has allowed millions of his children to destroy one another. So that now we have arrived at the question -- not as to whether the Bible is inspired and not as to whether Jehovah is the real God, but whether there is a God or not. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, quoted from the book Ingersoll the Magnificent, edited by Joseph Lewis, which does not cite references Every pulpit is a pillory, in which stands a hired culprit, defending the justice of his own imprisonment. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "Individuality" (1873) In all ages hypocrites, called priests, have put crowns on the heads of thieves, called kings. -- Robert Green Ingersoll (1884), quoted from Herman E Kittredge, A Biographical Appreciation of Robert Green Ingersoll, Chapter XII Labor is the only prayer that Nature answers; it is the only prayer that deserves an answer -- good, honest, noble work. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, closing arguments, The Trial of C B Reynolds for Blasphemy Ministers say that they teach charity. This is natural. They live on alms. All beggars teach that others should give. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "The Truth" (1897) The churches have no confidence in each other. Why? Because they are acquainted with each other. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, quoted from the book Ingersoll the Magnificent, edited by Joseph Lewis, which does not cite references The inspiration of the Bible depends upon the ignorance of the gentleman who reads it. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, speech (1881), quoted from Jonathon Green, The Cassell Dictionary of Cynical Quotations The book, called the Bible, is filled with passages equally horrible, unjust and atrocious. This is the book to be read in schools in order to make our children loving, kind and gentle! This is the book they wish to be recognized in our Constitution as the source of all authority and justice! -- Robert G Ingersoll, "The Gods" (1872) Many people think they have religion when they are troubled with dyspepsia. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "Liberty of Man, Woman and Child" (1877) No man with a sense of humour ever founded a religion. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, quoted from Jonathon Green, The Cassell Dictionary of Insulting Quotations It may be that ministers really think that their prayers do good and it may be that frogs imagine that their croaking brings spring. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "Which Way?" (1884) Is there an intelligent man or woman now in the world who believes in the Garden of Eden story? If you find any man who believes it, strike his forehead and you will hear an echo. Something is for rent. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "Orthodoxy" (1884) The ministers are in duty bound to denounce all intellectual pride, and show that we are never quite so dear to God as when we admit that we are poor, corrupt and idiotic worms; that we never should have been born; that we ought to be damned without the least delay.... The old creed is still taught. They still insist that God is infinitely wise, powerful and good, and that all men are totally depraved. They insist that the best man god ever made, deserved to be damned the moment he was finished. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "Some Mistakes of Moses" (1879) Christianity has such a contemptible opinion of human nature that it does not believe a man can tell the truth unless frightened by a belief in God. No lower opinion of the human race has ever been expressed. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, discussing the practice of not allowing atheists to give testimony in court: "In most of the States of this Union I could not give testimony. Should a man be murdered before my eyes I could not tell a jury who did it." -- quoted from the book Ingersoll the Magnificent, edited by Joseph Lewis, which does not cite references If, with all the time at my disposal, with all the wealth of the resources of this vast universe, to do with as I will, I could not produce a better scheme of life than now prevails, I would be ashamed of my efforts and consider my work a humiliating failure. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, quoted from the Address, Ingersoll the Magnificent, delivered by Joseph Lewis on August 11th 1954 dedicating, as a Public Memorial, the house in which Robert G Ingersoll was born, Dresden, Yates County, in the state of New York I cannot see why we should expect an infinite God to do better in another world than he does in this. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "Reply To The Indianapolis Clergy" The Iconoclast, Indianapolis, Indiana (1882) On every hand there seems to be design to defeat design.      If God created man -- if he is the father of us all, why did he make the criminals, the insane, the deformed and idiotic?      Should the mother, who clasps to her breast an idiot child, thank God? -- Robert Green Ingersoll, from "Why I Am an Agnostic" (1896) Nothing could add to the horror of hell, except the presence of its creator, God. While I have life, as long as I draw breath, I shall deny with all my strength, and hate with every drop of my blood, this infinite lie. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, from "Why I Am an Agnostic" (1896) I would not for my life destroy one star of human hope, but I want it so that when a poor woman rocks the cradle and sings a lullaby to the dimpled darling, she will not be compelled to believe that ninety-nine chances in a hundred she is raising kindling wood for hell. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "How To Be Saved" (1880) If there is a God who will damn his children forever, I would rather go to hell than to go to heaven and keep the society of such an infamous tyrant. I make my choice now. I despise that doctrine. It has covered the cheeks of this world with tears. It has polluted the hearts of children, and poisoned the imaginations of men.... What right have you, sir, Mr. clergyman, you, minister of the gospel to stand at the portals of the tomb, at the vestibule of eternity, and fill the future with horror and with fear? I do not believe this doctrine, neither do you. If you did, you could not sleep one moment. Any man who believes it, and has within his breast a decent, throbbing heart, will go insane. A man who believes that doctrine and does not go insane has the heart of a snake and the conscience of a hyena. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "The Liberty Of All" (1877) I read the other day an account of a meeting between John Knox and John Calvin. Imagine a dialogue between a pestilence and a famine! -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "How To Be Saved" (1880) Is it a small thing to quench the flames of hell with the holy tears of pity -- to unbind the martyr from the stake -- break all the chains -- put out the fires of civil war -- stay the sword of the fanatic, and tear the bloody hands of the Church from the white throat of Science?      Is it a small thing to make men truly free -- to destroy the dogmas of ignorance, prejudice and power -- the poisoned fables of superstition, and drive from the beautiful face of the earth the fiend of fear? -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "Thomas Paine" (1870) It is told that the great Angelo, in decorating a church, painted some angels wearing sandals. A cardinal looking at the picture said to the artist: "Whoever saw angels with sandals?" Angelo answered with another question: "Whoever saw an angel barefooted?" -- Robert Green Ingersoll, from "Superstition" (1898) Honest investigation is utterly impossible within the pale of any church, for the reason, that if you think the church is right you will not investigate, and if you think it wrong, the church will investigate you. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "Individuality" (1873) Some president wishes to be re-elected, and thereupon speaks about the Bible as "the corner-stone of American Liberty." This sentence is a mouth large enough to swallow any church, and from that time forward the religious people will be citing that remark of the politician to substantiate the inspiration of the Scriptures. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "Brooklyn Divines" (1883) Strange but true: those who have loved God most have loved men least. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, speech (1881), quoted from Jonathon Green, The Cassell Dictionary of Cynical Quotations He who dishonors himself [by lying about his opinions] for the sake of being honored by others will find that two mistakes have been made -- one by himself, and the other, by the people. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, on being defeated in an election and criticized for not covering up his atheism ("If I had denied being an infidel, I might have obtained an office.), quoted from the book Ingersoll the Magnificent, edited by Joseph Lewis, which does not cite references You cannot show real respect to your parents by perpetuating their errors.... Do you consider that the inventor of a steel plow cast a slur upon his father who scratched the ground with a wooden one? I do not consider that an invention by the son is a slander upon the father; I regard each invention simply as an improvement; and every father should be exceedingly proud of an ingenious son. If Mr. Talmage has a son, it will be impossible for him to honor his father except by differing with him. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "Some Mistakes Of Moses" (1879) In the presence of death I affirm and reaffirm the truth of all that I have said against the superstitions of the world. I would say that much on the subject with my last breath. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, June 23, 1890, interview in The Post-Express of Rochester, NY, quoted from A Biographical Appreciation of Robert Green Ingersoll by Herman E Kittredge, Chapter 9 Labor is the only prayer that Nature answers. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, quoted from the book Ingersoll the Magnificent, edited by Joseph Lewis, which does not cite references As long as every question is answered by the word "God," scientific inquiry is simply impossible. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "The Gods" (1872) The clergy know that I know that they know that they do not know. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "Orthodoxy" (1884) Twenty years after the death of Luther there were more Catholics than when he was born. And twenty years after the death of Voltaire there were millions less than when he was born. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "Answering The New York Ministers" This century will be called Darwin's century. He was one of the greatest men who ever touched this globe. He has explained more of the phenomena of life than all of the religious teachers. Write the name of Charles Darwin on the one hand and the name of every theologian who ever lived on the other, and from that name has come more light to the world than from all of those. His doctrine of evolution, his doctrine of the survival of the fittest, his doctrine of the origin of species, has removed in every thinking mind the last vestige of orthodox Christianity. He has not only stated, but he has demonstrated, that the inspired writer knew nothing of this world, nothing of the origin of man, nothing of geology, nothing of astronomy, nothing of nature; that the Bible is a book written by ignorance -- at the instigation of fear. Think of the men who replied to him. Only a few years ago there was no person too ignorant to successfully answer Charles Darwin; and the more ignorant he was the more cheerfully he undertook the task. He was held up to the ridicule, the scorn and contempt of the Christian world, and yet when he died, England was proud to put his dust with that of her noblest and her grandest. Charles Darwin conquered the intellectual world, and his doctrines are now accepted facts. -- Robert Green Ingersoll, "Orthodoxy" (1884)

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