Oskar Gröning: ‘Bookkeeper of Auschwitz’ dies at 96
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A former Nazi SS guard who was known as the “Bookkeeper of Auschwitz” has died aged 96, German media report.
In 2015 Oskar Gröning was sentenced to four years’ imprisonment, but never began his prison sentence due to a series of appeals and requests for clemency.
He died in a hospital on Friday, according to Spiegel Online.
The pensioner was convicted of being an accessory to the murder of 300,000 Jews at the camp in Nazi-occupied Poland.
His job at Auschwitz was to itemise money and valuables taken from new arrivals, who were then killed or subjected to slave labour.
Though a court doctor found that he was fit for prison with appropriate medical supervision, his jail term was repeatedly delayed by ill-health and legal objections.
The former Nazi officer began work at Auschwitz at the age of 21. During his trial, he said he had witnessed mass killings, but denied any direct role in the genocide.
Addressing the judges, he said: “I ask for forgiveness. I share morally in the guilt – but whether I am guilty under criminal law, you will have to decide.”
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He was convicted although there was no evidence linking him to specific killings.
Presiding Judge Franz Kompisch said Gröning was part of the “machinery of death” that helped the camp function smoothly.
From bank clerk to Nazi
Gröning was born in 1921 in Lower Saxony in Germany, and his mother died when he was four.
His father was a proud nationalist, angry about the way Germany was treated under the peace settlement signed after World War One. That resentment increased when his textile business went bankrupt in 1929.
Gröning joined the Hitler Youth, and at 17 began training as a bank clerk. When war was declared, he decided he wanted to follow in his grandfathers’ footsteps and join an “elite” unit in the German army.
He signed up to the Waffen SS and arrived in Auschwitz in 1942.
When the war was over, Gröning slipped into a quiet life in Lüneburg Heath, Lower Saxony, where he worked in a glass-making factory.
Decades later, when he heard people denying the Holocaust had ever happened, he was moved to break his silence. He was one of very few former concentration camp guards to do so.
“I saw the gas chambers. I saw the crematoria,” he told the BBC in the 2005 documentary Auschwitz: the Nazis and the “Final Solution”.
Gröning’s trial was considered a landmark case for Germany, where many former SS officers have walked free because there was no evidence linking them to individual killings.
Fewer than 50 of the estimated 6,500 Auschwitz guards who survived the war were convicted.
German broadcaster DW says Gröning will probably prove the last Nazi war criminal to have faced trial.
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Oskar Gröning (sometimes transliterated as Oscar Groening in English; 10 June 1921 – 9 March 2018) was a GermanSS junior squad leader who was stationed at the Auschwitz concentration camp. His responsibilities included counting and sorting the money taken from prisoners, and he was in charge of the personal property of arriving prisoners. On a few occasions he witnessed the procedures of mass killing in the camp. After being transferred from Auschwitz to a combat unit in October 1944, Gröning was captured by the British on 10 June 1945 when his unit surrendered. He was eventually transferred to Britain as a prisoner of war and worked as a forced labourer.
Upon his return to Germany he led a normal life, reluctant to talk about his time in Auschwitz. However, more than 40 years later, he decided to make his activities at Auschwitz public after learning about Holocaust denial. He has since openly criticised those who deny the events that he witnessed, and the ideology to which he once subscribed. The recorded accounts he provided to the BBC, however, contributed to the decision and ability to prosecute him. His record as an activist against Holocaust deniers since 1985 was not taken into consideration. Gröning has been notable as a German willing to make public statements about his experience as an SS soldier, which are self-incriminating and have exposed his life to public scrutiny.
In September 2014, Gröning was charged by German prosecutors as an accessory to murder, in 300,000 cases, for his role at the Auschwitz concentration camp. His trial began in April 2015, after the court had ruled that, at the age of 93, he was still fit to stand trial. The trial was held in Lüneburg, Germany. On 15 July 2015, he was found guilty of facilitating mass murder and sentenced to four years' imprisonment.[1]
Contents
[hide]Early life and education[edit]
Gröning was born in June 1921,[2] in Lower Saxony, the son of a strict conservative and skilled textile worker.[3]:139 His mother died when he was four.[4] His father, a proud nationalist, joined the Stahlhelm after Germany's defeat in the First World War, and his anger at how Germany had been treated following the Treaty of Versaillesincreased as his textile business went bankrupt in 1929 due to insufficient capital.[3]:139
Gröning states that his childhood was one of "discipline, obedience and authority".[4] Gröning was fascinated by military uniforms, and one of his earliest memories is of looking at photos of his grandfather, who served in an elite regiment of the Duchy of Brunswick, on his horse and playing his trumpet.[3]:139 He joined the Scharnhorst, the Stahlhelm's youth organisation as a small boy in the 1930s, and later the Hitler Youth when the Nazis came to power in 1933.[3]:139–140 Influenced by his family's values, he felt that Nazism was advantageous to Germany and believed that the Nazis "were the people who wanted the best for Germany and who did something about it."[3]:140 He participated in the burning of books written by Jews and other authors that the Nazis considered degenerate in the belief that he was helping Germany free itself from an alien culture, and considered that National Socialism was having a positive effect on the economy, pointing to lower unemployment.[3]:140
Gröning left school with high marks and began a traineeship as a bank clerk when he was 17, but war was declared shortly after he started employment and eight of the twenty clerks present were immediately conscripted into the army.[3]:140 This allowed the remaining trainees to further their banking careers in a relatively short amount of time; however, despite these opportunities, Gröning and his colleagues were inspired by Germany's quick victories in France and Poland and wanted to contribute.[3]:140
SS career[edit]
Gröning wanted to join an elite army unit and set his sights on joining the Schutzstaffel.[3]:140–141 Without his father's knowledge, he did so in 1940[4] at a hotel where the SS was recruiting. Gröning says his father was disappointed to learn this when he came home after having joined.[3]:141
Gröning describes himself as a "desk person" and was content with his role in SS salary administration, which granted him both the administrative and military aspects he wanted from a career.[3]:141
Auschwitz[edit]
Arrival[edit]
Gröning worked as a bookkeeper for a year until 1942, when the SS ordered that desk jobs would be reserved for injured veterans, and that fit members in administrative roles were to be subjected to more challenging duties.[3]:141 Gröning and about 22 of his colleagues travelled to Berlin where they reported to one of the SS economic offices.[3]:141 They were then given a lecture by several high-ranking officers who reminded them of the oath of loyalty they took, which they could prove by doing a difficult task.[3]:141 The task was top secret – Gröning and his comrades had to sign a declaration that they would not disclose it to family or friends, or people not in their unit.[3]:141 Once this had concluded, they were split into smaller groups and taken to various Berlin stations where they boarded a train in the direction of Katowice with orders to report to the commandant of Auschwitz, a place Gröning had not heard of before.[3]:141
Upon arrival at the main camp, they were given provisional bunks in the SS barracks, warmly greeted by fellow SS men and provided with food.[3]:142 Gröning was surprised at the myriad food items available in addition to basic SS rations. The new arrivals were curious about what function Auschwitz served.[3]:142 They were told that they should find out for themselves because Auschwitz was a special kind of concentration camp. Immediately someone opened the door and shouted "Transport!", causing three or four people to leave the room.[3]:142
The next day, Gröning and the other arrivals reported to the central SS administrative building and were asked about their background before the war.[3]:142 One of the officers said Gröning's bank clerk skills would be useful, and took him to barracks where the prisoners' money was kept.[3]:142 Gröning was told that when prisoners were registered into the camp, their money was stored here and later returned to them when they left.[3]:142
It became clear that Auschwitz was not a normal internment camp with above-average SS rations, but that it served an additional function.[3]:142 Gröning was informed that money taken from interned Jews was not actually returned to them.[3]:142 When he inquired further, his colleagues confirmed that the Jews were being systematically exterminated and that this had included the transport of prisoners who had arrived the previous night.[3]:142–143
Tasks[edit]
Gröning's responsibilities included sorting and counting the multitude of currencies taken from arriving deportees, sending it to Berlin, and guarding the belongings of arrivals until they were sorted.[3]:165 He said he was astonished to learn of the extermination process,[3]:143 but later accepted his part in it, stating that his work became "routine" after several months.[3]:165
His bureaucratic job did not shield him completely from physical acts of the extermination process: as early as his first day, Gröning saw children hidden on the train and people unable to walk that had remained among the rubbish and debris after the selection process had been completed, being shot.[3]:138 Gröning also heard:
After witnessing this, Gröning claims he went to his boss and told him that he could not work at Auschwitz anymore, stating that if the extermination of the Jews is necessary, "then at least it should be done within a certain framework".[3]:138Gröning claims that his superior officer denied this request citing a document he had signed before being posted, forcing him to continue his work.[3]:138
One night towards the end of 1942, Gröning and his comrades in their SS barracks on the outskirts of Birkenau were awakened by an alarm.[3]:166–167 They were told that a number of Jews who were being taken to the gas chambers had escaped and hidden in the woods. They were ordered to take pistols and search the woods.[3]:167 When his group arrived at the extermination area of the camp they saw a farmhouse, in front of which were SS men and the bodies of seven or eight prisoners who had been caught and shot.[3]:167 The SS men told Gröning and his comrades that they could go home but they decided to hang around in the shadows of the woods.
They watched as an SS man put on a gas mask and emptied a tin of Zyklon B into a hatch in the cottage wall. Gröning said the humming noise from inside "turned to screaming" for a minute, then to silence.[3]:167 A comrade later showed him the bodies being burnt in a pit. A Kapo there told him details of the burning, such as how gases developed in the body and made the burning corpses move.[3]:167
Gröning claims that this disrupted the relative tranquility his job gave him and he claims he yet again complained to his superior.[3]:167–168 His boss, an SS-Untersturmführer, listened but reminded him of the pledge that he and his comrades made. Gröning thus returned to work. He has declared that he manipulated his life at Auschwitz so as to avoid witnessing the camp's most unpalatable aspects.[3]:168
After Auschwitz[edit]
Great Britain[edit]
Gröning's application to transfer to a unit on the front-line was successful, and in 1944 he joined an SS unit fighting in the Ardennes.[3]:287 He was wounded and sent to a field hospital before rejoining his unit, which eventually surrendered to the British on 10 June 1945, his birthday.[3]:287
He realised that declaring "involvement in the concentration camp of Auschwitz would have a negative response", and so tried not to draw attention to it, putting on the form given to him by the British that he worked for the SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt instead.[3]:287 He did this because "the victor's always right", and that things happened at Auschwitz which "did not always comply with human rights".[3]:287
Gröning and the rest of his SS colleagues were imprisoned in an old Nazi concentration camp.[3]:287 He was later sent to the UK as a forced labourer in 1946 where he had a "very comfortable life".[3]:287 He ate good food and earned money, and travelled through the Midlands and Scotland giving concerts for four months, singing German hymns and traditional English folk songs to appreciative British audiences.[3]:287–288
Return to Germany[edit]
Gröning was released and returned to Germany in 1947[3]:288 or 1948.[4] Upon being reunited with his wife, he said: "Girl, do both of us a favour: don't ask."[4] He was unable to regain his job at the bank due to having been a member of the SS, so he got a job at a glass factory, working his way up to a management position.[3]:288 He became head of personnel, and was made an honorary judge (a sort of juror) of industrial tribunal cases.[3]:298
Upon return to Germany, Gröning lived with his father-in-law.[4] At the dinner table, they once made "a silly remark about Auschwitz", implying that he was a "potential or real murderer," which Gröning said enraged him, banging his fist on the table, demanding: "This word and this connection are never, ever, to be mentioned again in my presence, otherwise I'll move out!"[3]:288 Gröning said that this request was respected.[3]:288
Views on Holocaust denial[edit]
Gröning led a normal middle-class life after the war.[4] A keen stamp collector, he was once at his local philately club's annual meeting, more than 40 years after the war, when he fell into a conversation about politics with the man next to him.[3]:300 The man told him it was "terrible" that Holocaust denial was illegal in Germany, and went on to tell Gröning how so many bodies could not have been burnt, and that the volume of gas that was supposed to have been used would have killed all living things in the vicinity.[3]:300
Gröning said little in response to these statements,[3]:300 replying only: "I know a little more about that, we should discuss it some time."[4] The man recommended a pamphlet by Holocaust denier Thies Christophersen.[4] Gröning obtained a copy and mailed it to Christophersen, having written his own commentary on it, which included the words:
Gröning then began receiving phone calls and letters from strangers who tried to tell him Auschwitz was not actually a place for exterminating human beings in gas chambers.[3]:300
It became apparent that his comments condemning Holocaust denial had been printed in a neo-Nazi magazine, and that most of the anonymous calls and letters were "From people who tried to prove that what I had seen with my own eyes, what I had experienced in Auschwitz was a big, big mistake, a big hallucination on my part because it hadn't happened."[3]:300
As a result of such comments, Gröning decided to speak openly about his experiences, and publicly denounce people who maintain the events he witnessed never happened.[3]:300 He says his message to Holocaust deniers is:
Contemporary comments[edit]
Gröning does not consider himself guilty of any crime, because he was in no way directly involved in the killing.[3]:298 He describes his part in the extermination machine as an involuntary "small cog in the gears", which gave him involuntary guilt in turn.[4] Citing his summons to testify against a member of the SS accused of murdering prisoners at Auschwitz, he also says he is innocent in the eyes of the law, pointing to the fact that he spoke as a witness and not as a defendant.[4]
In the BBC book and DVD set titled Auschwitz: The Nazis and 'The Final Solution', author Laurence Rees indicates that although Gröning had requested to leave Auschwitz after he witnessed the killing, his objection was only on the basis of its practical implementation, and not on the general militaristic principle of the mass extermination of enemies.[3]:139 Gröning said that he thought at the time that it was justified due to all the Nazi propaganda he had been subjected to, in that Germany's enemies were being destroyed,[3]:139 which to him made the tools of their destruction (such as gas chambers) of no particular significance.[4] Because of this, he says his feelings about seeing people and knowing that they had hours to live before being gassed were "very ambiguous".[3]:139 He explains that children were murdered because, while the children themselves were not the enemy, the danger was the blood within them, in that they could grow up to become dangerous Jews.[3]:139 Rees points to Gröning's ultra-nationalist upbringing as indication of how he was able to justify the extermination of helpless children.[3]:139 Gröning says that the horrors in the gas chambers did eventually dawn on him when he heard the screams.[5]
Rees writes that Gröning describes his time at Auschwitz as if he were talking about another Oskar Gröning at Auschwitz — and as a result, the post-war Gröning speaks more candidly about his time there by segregating the Gröning that contributed to the running of a death camp from the modern Gröning that condemns Nazi ideology.[3]:144
Gröning says that the screams of those in the gas chambers have never left him, and he has never returned to Auschwitz because of his shame.[5] He says he feels guilt towards the Jewish people, and for being part of the organisation that committed crimes against them, despite "not having been one of the perpetrators myself".[5]He asks for forgiveness from God and from the Jewish people.[5]
Criminal charges and trial[edit]
In September 2014, it was reported that Gröning had been charged by state prosecutors with having been an accessory to murder for his role at Auschwitz receiving and processing prisoners and their personal belongings. The indictment stated that Gröning economically advanced Nazi Germany and aided the systematic killing of 300,000 of the 425,000 Hungarian Jews who were deported to Auschwitz by 137 railway transports during the summer of 1944.[6] Gröning's prosecution has been reported to be a part of Germany’s final effort to bring the last Nazi war-crimes suspects to justice. State prosecutors managed to charge the defendant on a legal precedent set in 2011 by the conviction of the former Sobibor extermination camp guard John Demjanjuk by a court in Munich.[7][clarification needed][8]
The trial commenced on 20 April 2015 at Lüneburg Regional Court (Landgericht). In an opening statement, Gröning asked for forgiveness for his mainly clerical role at Auschwitz in the summer of 1944, by saying: "For me there's no question that I share moral guilt," the 93-year-old told the judges, acknowledging that he knew about the gassing of Jews and other prisoners. "I ask for forgiveness. I share morally in the guilt but whether I am guilty under criminal law, you will have to decide."[9][10]
During the trial, several of the 60 'co-claimants'[note 1] gave evidence.[11] Eva Mozes Kor who was 10 years old when she arrived at Auschwitz, testified that she and her twin sister were used for the cruel medical experiments conducted by Josef Mengele and that she had lost her parents and older sisters in Auschwitz. Kor conversed with and embraced the defendant after giving evidence,[12] while other Holocaust survivors in the courtroom protested against this gesture.[11] Another witness, Max Eisen who was 15 years old at the time of entry into Auschwitz, described the brutality of the extermination part of the camp, including extracting gold teeth from dead victims.[13] On 12 May 2015, Susan Pollack, an 84-year-old Briton, gave evidence how she was taken from Hungary to Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen; describing the living conditions encountered at Auschwitz, she said: "I was in a barrack with about 800 other girls ... we were losing weight, we weren’t able to use our minds anymore".[14] On the same day, Ivor Perl, an 83-year-old Briton who was born in Hungary into a religious Jewish family, also gave evidence;[15] Perl testified that he was 12 years old when he arrived at Auschwitz and that he and his brother lost their parents and seven siblings in the Holocaust.[14] In July, Irene Weiss, an 84-year-old survivor from the United States, testified that her family was torn apart on arrival at Auschwitz in May 1944, during the mass deportation of Hungarian Jews and that she had lost both her parents, four siblings and 13 cousins at Auschwitz.[16]
Verdict and sentence[edit]
On 15 July 2015, he was found guilty of being an accessory to the murder of at least 300,000 Jews.[17] Reacting to the sentence, Auschwitz survivor Eva Mozes Korsaid that she was "disappointed" adding: "They are trying to teach a lesson that if you commit such a crime, you will be punished. But I do not think the court has acted properly in sentencing him to four years in jail. It is too late for that kind of sentence ... My preference would have been to sentence him to community service by speaking out against neo-Nazis. I would like the court to prove to me, a survivor, how four years in jail will benefit anybody."[18] Gröning's defence lawyer, Hans Holtermann, was quoted as saying that he would review the verdict before deciding whether to appeal.[19][20] On 28 November 2016, the appeal was declined by the German Federal Court of Justice (BGH).[21] In August 2017 Oskar Gröning was considered to be fit for prison.[22] An appeal to the Federal Constitutional Court also failed. The latter court ruled his age was not a valid reason not to send him to jail.[23][24] On 15 January 2018 Gröning applied for pardon as a last measure to avoid imprisonment.[25][26] The pardon was rejected.[27]
On 9 March 2018, Gröning died at hospital before he had to begin his sentence.[28]
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