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Jean Fagan Yellin (b. September 19, 1930, East Lansing, Michigan – b. July 19, 2023, Sarasota, Florida) was an American historian specializing in women's history and African American history, and Distinguished Professor Emerita of English at Pace University. She is best known for her scholarship on escaped slave, abolitionist, and author Harriet Jacobs.
Yellin was born to Sarah and Peter Fagan in East Lansing, Michigan, in September 19, 1930. She was married to Ed Yellin and together they published a memoir entitled In Contempt, Defending Free Speech, Defeating HUAC, which documented the effect upon their lives of his legal battle for First Amendment rights, even after he had been exonerated by the Supreme Court of the United States.
Yellin received her B.A. from Roosevelt University and an M.A. and a Ph.D. from the University of Illinois. She began teaching at Pace University in 1968. Her dissertation was published in 1972 as The Intricate Knot: Black Figures in American Literature. She was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize in 1990 for Women and Sisters: The Anti-Slavery Feminists in American Culture and won the 2004 Frederick Douglass Prize. and the Modern Language Association's William Sanders Scarborough Prize for Harriet Jacobs: A Life.
Yellin is best known for her research on the former slave Harriet Jacobs and her autobiography, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Although Incidents had been quite popular at the time of the American Civil War, by the twentieth century both Jacobs and her book were forgotten.
Prior to Yellin's work in the 1970s-1980s, the accepted academic opinion, voiced by such historians as John Blassingame, was that Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl was a fictional novel written by Lydia Maria Child. While re-reading Incidents in the 1970s as part of a project to educate herself in the use of gender as a category of analysis, Yellin became interested in the question of the text's true authorship. Over the course of a six-year effort, Yellin found and used a variety of historical documents, including from the Amy Post papers at the University of Rochester, state and local historical societies, and the Horniblow and Norcom papers at the North Carolina state archives, to establish both that Harriet Jacobs was the true author of Incidents, and that the narrative was her autobiography, not a work of fiction. At the suggestion of historian Herbert Gutman, she contacted Harvard University Press regarding publication, and her edition of Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl was published in 1987 with the endorsement of Professor John Blassingame.
After the publication of Incidents, Yellin engaged in further research which revealed that Jacobs had been well-known in her own time and was very involved in the abolitionist and feminist movements and in relief and education efforts in the South during and after the Civil War. Yellin decided that a biography of Jacobs was needed to embed her appropriately in American cultural history, and Harriet Jacobs: A Life was published in 2004.
While working on the biography, Yellin also conceived of the idea of the Harriet Jacobs Papers Project, a collection of documents by and about Jacobs. In 2000, an advisory board for the project was established, and after funding was awarded, the project began on a full-time basis in September 2002. Sources of funding included the Carolina State Archives, the University of North Carolina Press, Pace University, the Gladys Delmas Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), and the Center for the Study of the American South. The project won endorsement, and later a grant, from the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, and was named by the NEH as one of its "We the People" projects. The Harriet Jacobs Papers Project amassed approximately 900 documents by, to, and about Harriet Jacobs, her brother John S. Jacobs, and her daughter Louisa Matilda Jacobs, more than 300 of which were published in 2008 in a two-volume edition entitled The Harriet Jacobs Family Papers.
Jean Fagan Yellin died on July 19, 2023, in Sarasota, Florida, at the age of 92.
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Jean Fagan Yellin, Who Uncovered a Slavery Tale’s True Author, Dies at 92
Her research proved that a 19th-century book presumed to be a novel by a white woman was actually an autobiography by a formerly enslaved Black woman.
Jean Fagan Yellin, a historian whose six years of sleuthing revealed that what had been presumed to be a 19th-century white author’s fictional account of a young woman’s life as a slave in the American South was, in fact, a rare autobiography written by a formerly enslaved woman, died on July 19 at her home in Sarasota, Fla. She was 92.
Her death was confirmed by her son, Michael Yellin.
The author’s name was Harriet Jacobs.
“There are only a couple of names that are commonly known of 19th-century women held in slavery — Sojourner Truth and Harriet Tubman,” Dr. Yellin said during a lecture at Harvard University in 2004, when she published a book about her findings, “Harriet Jacobs: A Life.”
“Both could not write, because enslaved people were subject to anti-literacy laws,” Dr. Yellin added. “Their stories, in their own pens, do not exist. Jacobs is it.”
Originally published in 1861, Harriet Jacobs’s book, “Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl,” vividly recounted her enslavement from her birth in North Carolina in 1813. She was taught to read and write by the benevolent mistress whose family owned her.
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“Though we were all slaves,” Ms. Jacobs wrote, “I was so fondly shielded that I never dreamed that I was a piece of merchandise.”
She recalled that when she was 12, she fell into the hands of a sexually abusive plantation owner who, years later, would threaten to sell her children if she rebuffed his advances. Her children had been fathered by another white man, who ultimately freed them. She managed to escape, hiding in a three-foot-high crawl space in her free grandmother’s attic, where for seven years she read newspapers and the Bible. In 1842, she fled as a fugitive to New York.
While “Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl” was promoted as “Written by Herself,” it was written under a pseudonym, Linda Brent, and was widely credited to its editor, Lydia Maria Child, a journalist, abolitionist and advocate for women’s and Native American rights, who may be best remembered for writing the poem that begins, “Over the river and through the wood.”
Dr. Yellin originally came across “Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl” while writing her dissertation on 19th-century American literature, and developed a hunch that the book was autobiographical, not fiction.
A letter from Ms. Jacobs found in the archives of Smith College in Northampton, Mass., provided a crucial clue. The letter, which included the line “I am sitting under the old roof 12 feet from the spot where I suffered all the crushing weight of slavery,” mentioned the names of real people whom Dr. Yellin could match with the characters in “Incidents.”
Dr. Yellin’s biography of Ms. Jacobs delves into the accuracy of her account.
Once Ms. Jacobs reached New York, she worked as a child nurse for the family of the writer Nathaniel Parker Willis. She was still considered a fugitive, though, threatened with recapture, until Mr. Willis’s second wife bought her freedom from her owner’s son-in-law for $300 in 1852.
“The freedom I had before the money was paid was dearer to me,” Ms. Jacobs wrote. “God gave me that freedom.”
She was reluctant to write her memoir until Amy Post, an abolitionist from upstate New York, persuaded her.
“If it would help save another from my fate,” Ms. Jacobs wrote to Ms. Post, “it would be selfish and un-Christian of me to keep it back.”
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As an abolitionist and a crusader for women’s rights, Ms. Jacobs conducted relief missions for enslaved people who had fled behind Union lines in Virginia. She also ran a boardinghouse near Harvard from 1869 to 1873.
In 1877 she moved to Washington, where she encountered the destitute widow and children of her former owner and abuser. Before Ms. Jacobs died there in 1897, she helped support them.
“Her life in freedom was as extraordinary as her life had been in slavery and as a fugitive,” Dr. Yellin said in the Harvard lecture.
Henry Louis Gates Jr. noted in The New York Times Book Review in 1987 that by the end of the 1860s, only a handful of Black women had published their memoirs.
“The fate of Jacobs’s text — its loss and rediscovery — makes it an emblem of the history of the Black woman’s literary tradition,” he wrote, adding that “few instances of scholarly inquiry have been more important to Afro-American studies than has Ms. Yellin’s.”
Jean Fagan was born on Sept. 19, 1930, in East Lansing, Mich. Her father, Peter Fagan, the son of a Quaker and an Irish Catholic, was a Marxist journalist who, with his wife, Sarah (Robinson) Fagan, the daughter of Orthodox Jews and a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of the University of Michigan, published a weekly pro-labor newspaper.
She received a bachelor’s degree from Roosevelt University in 1951 and a master’s and doctorate from the University of Illinois in 1963 and 1969. She began teaching at Pace University (known as Pace College at the time) in 1968 and was an emeritus professor of English there at her death.
She married Edward Yellin, a biomedical engineer, in 1948; he died in 2020. Together, they wrote “In Contempt: Defending Free Speech, Defeating HUAC” (2022), about Mr. Yellin’s refusal to testify in 1958 about his Communist Party membership before the House Un-American Activities Committee, which was investigating Soviet subversion.
In addition to her son, Dr. Yellin is survived by a daughter, Lisa Yellin Tebo; four grandchildren; and seven great-grandchildren. Another son, Peter, died years earlier.
Other books she wrote or edited include “Women and Sisters: The Anti-Slavery Feminists in American Culture” (1990) and “The Abolitionist Sisterhood: Anti-Slavery and Women’s Political Culture in Antebellum America” (1994, with John C. Van Horne).
Dr. Yellin’s biography of Ms. Jacobs won the Frederick Douglass Prize and the Modern Language Association’s William Sanders Scarborough Prize. She received a fellowship from the New York Public Library’s Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.
She also helped establish the Harriet Jacobs Papers Project, a collection of nearly a thousand documents, more than 300 of which have since been published and are believed to be the only existing papers by a formerly enslaved Black woman.
